Wednesday, January 5, 2011

Historical Capitals of China from the 20th century onwards

Historical capitals in use from the 20th century onwards.
In alphabetical order:
State of Yan (Yen in WG) in Spring and Autumn Period (722-481 BC): called Ji (, pinyin: Jì).
Liao Dynasty (907-1125), as a secondary capital: called Yanjing (燕京, pinyin: Yānjīng, "capital of Yan").
Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) from Emperor Shizong until 1215: called Zhongdu (中都, pinyin: Zhōngdū, "central capital").
Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): called Dadu (大都, pinyin: Dàdū, "great capital") in Chinese, Daidu (a direct transliteration from Chinese[1]) in Mongolian and Khanbaliq ("city of the Khan") in the Turkic languages. This was reported as "Cambuluc" by Marco Polo.
Ming Dynasty from the time of the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402/1424) until 1644 called Jīngshī (京師,"capital").
Qing Dynasty from the fall of the Ming in 1644 to the end of the dynasty in 1912.
The current capital of the People's Republic of China.
  • Guangzhou (formerly Romanized Canton from CPMR)
Republic of China: it was seat of the National Government before the Northern Expedition, and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
  • Hangzhou (also Hangchou or Hangchow) was the capital of:
China during the Southern Song Dynasty: called Lin'an (臨安 Lín'ān).
  • Kaifeng was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
Northern Song Dynasty: called Dongjing (東京 Dōngjīng).
  • Luoyang was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
Eastern Han Dynasty from 25 to 220
Western Jin Dynasty
Northern Wei Dynasty since 493, moved its capital from Datong.
  • Nanjing (formerly Romanized Nanking (CPMR) or Nanching in WG) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
all of the Six Dynasties: called Jianye (建業 Jiànyè) or Jiankang (建康 Jiànkāng). The Six Dynasties are:
Eastern Jin Dynasty
Ming Dynasty before Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing.
Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace and Prosperity) during the Taiping Rebellion. Known as Tianjing (天京,literally 'Heavenly Capital') between 1853 and its fall in 1864.
Republic of China after the Northern Expedition until the Japanese invasion in 1937 of WWII, and after the war until Chiang Kai-Shek retreated to Taiwan in 1949.
Wang Jingwei's pro-Japanese collaborationist government.
  • Xi'an (WG: Hsi'an; called Chang'an in ancient times) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
Western Zhou Dynasty, also see Fenghao.
State of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Qin Dynasty 221 BC-207 BC: Xi'an is located near the former Qin capital Xianyang (咸陽 Xiányáng).
Western Han Dynasty from 206 BC to AD 9
Xin Dynasty from 8 to 23
State of Former Zhao, a state in the Sixteen Kingdoms period during the Jin Dynasty (265-420).
State of Former Qin from 351 to 394, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
State of Later Qin from 384 to 417, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Sui Dynasty from 581 to 618
Tang Dynasty from 618 to 907
Ye was the capital of Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty

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